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Discussion Board #2 – Motivation

Class discussions are an important part of the virtual classroom. Your participation will enrich your experience in this course and will also enrich the experiences of fellow students. There are certain requirements to fulfill in order to receive the maximum credit for class discussion participation.

Frequency and Timeliness

Students should post on three different days with the initial post being within 48 hours of the discussion opening. The first post is your original thoughts on the topic.  Your second and third posts will be comments to other students.  Please see my comments on the first discussion board.

Quality: 

High-Quality posts include substantial posts containing well-developed original thoughts, added insight to the topic, book references, and follow-up questions. These posts are error-free and grammatically correct. In addition, these posts are a minimum of (10) sentences and/or over 250 words. The posts should demonstrate higher order thinking and critical thinking skills.

Medium-Quality posts include posts containing original thoughts, added insight to the topic, and follow-up questions. These posts are near error-free and typically grammatically correct. In addition, these posts are a minimum of seven (7) sentences and/or over 200 words. The posts should demonstrate higher order thinking and critical thinking skills. 

Low-Quality posts include basic thoughts with little to no insight. The post may simply be a follow-up question. These posts contain mechanical and grammatical errors. These posts are typically five (5) or fewer sentences and less than 200 words. No higher order thinking, or critical thinking skills are demonstrated. 

Zero points will be awarded for no posts.

Discuss:

Using the topics in Chapter 10, discuss motivation at a business or organization where you worked or volunteered. You can talk about the Motivational Theories outlined in the chapter. For example, “my company had an employee of the month award, this is a reflection of Maslow’s Self-Esteem level.”  Or “I never thought I was treated fairly; this is a great example of the Equity Theory. Here’s why….”  Relate your initial post and comments to book topics.

You can say you agreed with the company, how they did things, or you can disagree and critique the company.  Remember, talk business, because this is a business class.  Use the theories in the chapter, talk about the theories.

There is a wealth of information in Chapter 10.  You should have no trouble writing three high-quality posts. 

Chapter 10

Motivating Employees

©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom.  No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

1

Learning Objectives

LO 10-1 Explain Taylor’s theory of scientific management.

LO 10-2 Describe the Hawthorne studies and their significance to management.

LO 10-3 Identify the levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and apply them to employee motivation.

LO 10-4 Distinguish between the motivators and hygiene factors identified by Herzberg.

LO 10-5 Differentiate among Theory X, Theory Y, and Theory Z.

LO 10-6 Explain the key principles of goal-setting, expectancy, reinforcement, and equity theories.

LO 10-7 Show how managers put motivation theories into action through such strategies as job enrichment, open communication, and job recognition.

LO 10-8 Show how managers personalize motivation strategies to appeal to employees across the globe and across generations.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

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The Value of Motivation 1 of 5

Intrinsic rewards — The personal satisfaction you feel when you perform well and complete goals.

Examples of intrinsic rewards:

Pride in your performance

Sense of achievement

Extrinsic rewards — Something given to you by someone else as recognition of good work.

Kinds of extrinsic rewards:

Pay raises

Praise

Promotions

©McGraw-Hill Education.

The Value of Motivation 2 of 5

LO 10-1

Frederick Taylor: The “Father” of Scientific Management

Scientific management

Studying workers to find the most efficient ways of doing things and then teaching people those techniques.

Three key elements to increase productivity

Time

Methods of work

Rules of work

©McGraw-Hill Education.

The Value of Motivation 3 of 5

LO 10-1

Frederick Taylor: The Father of Scientific Management continued

Time-motion studies — Studies of which tasks must be performed to complete a job and the time needed to do each task.

Led to the development of the Principle of Motion Economy — Theory developed by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth that every job can be broken down into a series of elementary motions.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

The Value of Motivation 4 of 5

LO 10-1

Frederick Taylor: The Father of Scientific Management continued

Taylor and UPS

UPS drivers work under strict rules and work requirements.

How to get out of their trucks:

Right foot first

How fast to walk:

3 ft per second

How many packages to deliver a day

125 to 175 in off-peak seasons

How to hold their keys:

Teeth up, third finger

©McGraw-Hill Education.

The Value of Motivation 5 of 5

LO 10-2

Elton Mayo and the Hawthorne Studies

Researchers studied worker efficiency under different levels of light.

Productivity increased regardless of light condition.

Researchers decided it was a human or psychological factor at play.

Hawthorne Effect — The tendency for people to act differently when they know they are being studied.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Motivation and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

LO 10-3

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs — Theory of motivation based on unmet human needs from basic physiological needs to safety, social, and esteem needs to self-actualization needs.

Needs that have already been met do not motivate.

If a need is filled, another higher-level need emerges.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Figure 10.1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

LO 10-3

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Herzberg’s Motivating Factors 1 of 2

LO 10-4

Herzberg’s research centered on the question:

What creates enthusiasm for workers and makes them work to full potential?

Herzberg found job content factors were most important to workers. Workers like to feel they contribute to the company.

Motivators

Job factors that cause employees to be productive and that give them satisfaction.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Herzberg’s Motivating Factors 2 of 2

LO 10-4

Job environment factors maintained satisfaction, but did not motivate employees.

Hygiene factors — Job factors that can cause dissatisfaction if missing but that do not necessarily motivate employees if increased.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Figure 10.2 Herzberg’s Motivators and Hygiene Factors

LO 10-4

Motivators

(These factors can be used to motivate workers.)

Work itself

Achievement

Recognition

Responsibility

Growth and advancement

Hygiene (Maintenance) Factors

(These factors can cause dissatisfaction, but changing them will have little motivational effect.)

Company policy and administration

Supervision

Working conditions

Interpersonal relations (co-workers)

Salary, status, and job security

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Figure 10.3 Comparison of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Herzberg’s Theory of Factors

LO 10-4

©McGraw-Hill Education.

McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y 1 of 3

LO 10-5

Douglas McGregor proposed managers had two different sets of assumptions concerning workers.

Their attitudes about motivating workers were tied to these assumptions.

McGregor called them Theory X and Theory Y.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y 2 of 3

LO 10-5

Theory X

Assumptions of Theory X management:

Workers dislike work and seek to avoid it.

Workers must be forced, controlled, directed, or threatened with punishment to get them to perform.

Workers prefer to be directed and avoid responsibility.

Primary motivators are fear and punishment.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y 3 of 3

LO 10-5

Theory Y

Assumptions of Theory Y management:

People like work; it’s a part of life.

Workers seek goals to which they are committed.

Commitment to goals depends on perceived rewards.

Most people will seek responsibility.

People can use creativity to solve problems.

Intellectual capacity is only partially realized.

People are motivated by a variety of rewards.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Ouchi’s Theory Z

LO 10-5

William Ouchi researched cultural differences between the U.S. (Type A) and Japan (Type J).

Type J are committed to the organization and group.

Type A are focused on the individual.

Theory Z is the hybrid approach of Types A and J.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Figure 10.4 Theory Z: A Blend of American and Japanese Management Approaches

LO 10-5

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Figure 10.5 A Comparison of Theories X, Y, and Z 1 of 2

LO 10-5

Theory X Theory Y Theory Z
1. Employees dislike work and will try to avoid it. 1. Employees view work as a natural part of life. 1. Employee involvement is the key to increased productivity.
2. Employees prefer to be controlled and directed. 2. Employees prefer limited control and direction. 2. Employee control is implied and informal.
3. Employees seek security, not responsibility. 3. Employees will seek responsibility under proper work conditions. 3. Employees prefer to share responsibility and decision making.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Figure 10.5 A Comparison of Theories X, Y, and Z 2 of 2

LO 10-5

Theory X Theory Y Theory Z
4. Employees must be intimidated by managers to perform. 4. Employees perform better in work environments that are nonintimidating. 4. Employees perform better in environments that foster trust and cooperation.
5. Employees are motivated by financial rewards. 5. Employees are motivated by many different needs. 5. Employees need guaranteed employment and will accept slow evaluations and promotions.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Goal-Setting Theory and Management by Objectives 1 of 2

LO 10-6

Goal-setting theory — The idea that setting ambitious but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance if the goals are accepted, accompanied by feedback, and facilitated by organizational conditions.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Goal-Setting Theory and Management by Objectives 2 of 2

LO 10-6

Applying Goal-Setting Theory

Management by objectives (MBO) — Involves a cycle of discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives among top and middle-level managers, supervisors, and employees.

Managers formulate goals in cooperation with everyone in the organization.

Need to monitor results and reward achievement.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Meeting Employee Expectations: Expectancy Theory 1 of 2

LO 10-6

Expectancy Theory — The amount of effort employees exert on a specific task depends on their expectations of the outcome.

Employees ask:

Can I accomplish the task?

What’s my reward?

Is the reward worth the effort?

Expectations can vary from person to person.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Figure 10.6 Expectancy Theory

LO 10-6

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Meeting Employee Expectations: Expectancy Theory 2 of 2

LO 10-6

Researchers Nadler and Lawler modified expectancy theory and suggested five steps for managers:

Determine what rewards employees value.

Determine each employee’s performance standard.

Ensure that performance standards are attainable.

Tie rewards to performance.

Be sure employees feel rewards are adequate.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Treating Employees Fairly: Equity Theory

LO 10-6

Equity Theory — The idea that employees try to maintain equity between inputs and outputs compared to others in similar positions.

Workers often base perception of their outcomes on a specific person or group.

Perceived inequities can lead to lower productivity, reduced quality, increased absenteeism, and even resignation.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Putting Theory into Action 1 of 4

LO 10-7

Motivation through Job Enrichment

Job enrichment — A motivational strategy that emphasizes motivating the worker through the job itself.

It is based on Herzberg’s motivators, such as responsibility, achievement, and recognition.

Key characteristics of work

Skill variety

Task identity

Task significance

Autonomy

Feedback

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Putting Theory into Action 2 of 4

LO 10-7

Motivation through Job Enrichment continued

Types of job enrichment

Job enlargement — A job enrichment strategy that involves combining a series of tasks into one challenging and interesting assignment.

Job rotation — A job enrichment strategy that involves moving employees from one job to another.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Putting Theory into Action 3 of 4

LO 10-7

Motivating through Open Communication

Create a culture that rewards listening.

Train managers to listen.

Use effective questioning techniques.

Remove barriers to open communication.

Avoid vague and ambiguous communication.

Make it easy to communicate.

Ask employees what is important to them.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Putting Theory into Action 4 of 4

LO 10-7

Recognizing a Job Well Done

Raises are not the only ways to recognize an employee’s performance. Recognition can also include:

Advancement opportunities

Challenging work

Noticing positive actions out loud

Paid time off

Prime parking spots

More vacation days

Flexible schedules

Small equity stake or stock options

©McGraw-Hill Education.

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Personalizing Motivation 1 of 7

LO 10-8

Motivating Employees across the Globe

Cultural differences make worker motivation a challenging task for global managers.

High-context cultures require relationships and group trust before performance.

Low-context cultures believe relationship building distracts from tasks.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

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Personalizing Motivation 2 of 7

LO 10-8

Motivating Employees across Generations

Baby Boomers (1946–1964)

Experienced great economic prosperity, job security, and optimism about their future

Generation X (1965–1980)

Raised in dual-career families, attended day care, and have a feeling of insecurity about jobs

Generation Y or Millennials (1980–1995)

Raised by indulgent parents and don’t remember a time without the Internet and mobile cell phones; main constant in life is inconsistency

©McGraw-Hill Education.

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Personalizing Motivation 3 of 7

LO 10-8

Motivating Employees across Generations continued

Generation Z (1995–2009)

Grew up post 9/11, in the wake of the Great Recession and amid many reports of school violence; main constant in life is inconsistency

Generation Alpha (born after 2010)

©McGraw-Hill Education.

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Personalizing Motivation 4 of 7

LO 10-8

Motivating Employees across Generations continued

Generation X in the workplace

Desire economic security but focus more on career security than job security

Good motivators as managers due to emphasis on results rather than work hours

Tend to be flexible and good at collaboration and consensus building

Very effective at giving employee feedback and praise

©McGraw-Hill Education.

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Personalizing Motivation 5 of 7

LO 10-8

Motivating Employees across Generations continued

Millennials in the workplace

Tend to be impatient, skeptical, blunt, and expressive

Are tech-savvy and able to grasp new concepts

Able to multi-task and are efficient

Are tolerant

Place a high value on work-life balance

Fun and stimulation are key job requirements

Tend to job surf due to the state of the economy

©McGraw-Hill Education.

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Personalizing Motivation 6 of 7

LO 10-8

Motivating Employees across Generations continued

Generation Z in the workplace

Tend to be cautious and security-minded

Inspired to improve the world

Are resilient and pragmatic

Are tech-savvy

Want to be a part of a community within the workplace

Place emphasis on practical benefits, such as health care

©McGraw-Hill Education.

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Personalizing Motivation 7 of 7

LO 10-8

Motivating Employees across Generations continued

Communication across the generations

Baby Boomers prefer meetings and conference calls.

Gen Xers prefer e-mail and will choose meetings only if there are no other options.

Millennials prefer to use technology to communicate, particularly through social media.

Gen Zers prefer face-to-face meetings and shy away from phone calls.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

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Appendix of Long Image Descriptions

©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom.  No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

38

Appendix 1 Figure 10.1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

From the bottom of the pyramid to the top, the needs are: physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization.

Return to original slide

©McGraw-Hill Education.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

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Appendix 2 Figure 10.3 Comparison of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Herzberg’s Theory of Factors

Two charts divided into sections are shown side by side.

The first row of the charts are Maslow’s self-actualization and Herzberg’s motivational factors of the work itself, achievement, and possibility of growth.

The second row of the charts are Maslow’s esteem needs and Herzberg’s motivational factors of advancement, recognition, and status.

The third row of the charts are Maslow’s social needs and Herzberg’s hygiene factors of interpersonal relations with superiors, subordinates, and peers, and supervision.

The fourth row of the charts are Maslow’s safety needs and Herzberg’s hygiene factors of company policy and administration, job security, and working conditions.

The last row of the charts are Maslow’s physiological needs and Herzberg’s hygiene factors of salary and personal life.

Return to original slide

©McGraw-Hill Education.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

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Appendix 3 Figure 10.4 Theory Z: A Blend of American and Japanese Management Approaches

Type A (American)

Short-term employment

Individual decision making

Individual responsibility

Rapid evaluation and promotion

Explicit, formalized control

Specialized career paths

Segmented concern for employees

Type J (Japanese)

Lifetime employment

Consensual decision making

Collective responsibility

Slow evaluation and promotion

Implicit, informal control

Nonspecialized career paths

Holistic concern for employees

Type Z (Modified American)

Long-term employment

Collective decision making

Individual responsibility

Slow evaluation and promotion

Implicit, informal control with explicit, formalized control

Moderately specialized career paths

Holistic concern for employees (including family)

Return to original slide

©McGraw-Hill Education.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

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Appendix 4 Figure 10.6 Expectancy Theory

The flow chart starts with a question related to a task: “Can I accomplish this task?” If the answer is no, the person is not motivated. If the answer is yes, a question related to outcome is asked: “Is the reward worth it?” If the answer is no, the person is not motivated. If the answer is yes, the person is motivated.

Return to original slide

©McGraw-Hill Education.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

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