Hard Paternalism Essay and Biomedical Ethics Quiz Questions

Question 1 (1 point)

What are the three conditions of an autonomous action?Question 1 options:

The action exhibits due care.

The action is explicit and specific.

The action is intentional, maximizes benefits, and is not subject to external or internal controls.

The action is intentional, occurs with understanding, and is not subject to external or internal controls.

Question 2 (1 point)

What is the positive obligation of respect?Question 2 options:

Treat a person as an end in themselves, distinct from mere things.

Step back and enable a person to make an autonomous decision.

Support a person’s autonomy by disclosing information and ensuring their understanding and voluntariness.

None of the above.

Question 3 (1 point)

What is the difference between implicit and tacit consent?Question 3 options:

Implicit consent is inferred from a person’s lack of refusal, whereas tacit consent is inferred from a person’s actions.

Implicit consent is inferred from a person’s actions, whereas tacit consent is inferred from a person’s lack of refusal.

Implicit consent is general, whereas tacit consent is specific.

Implicit consent is the form of consent, whereas tacit consent is the content of consent.

Question 4 (1 point)

What ought to be standard or standards of full disclosure?Question 4 options:

The reasonable person standard and the subjective standard.

The professional practice standard, the reasonable person standard, and the subjective standard.

The professional practice standard and the reasonable person standard.

The subjective person standard.

Question 5 (1 point)

What are the conditions of informed consent?Question 5 options:

Informed consent depends upon explicit consent to a specific procedure.

Informed consent depends upon a virtuous character.

Informed consent depends upon an action that is intentional, occurs with understanding, and is not subject to external or internal controls.

Informed consent depends upon a sufficient disclosure of relevant information, an understanding of said information, and voluntariness.

Question 6 (1 point)

How should we determine competency?Question 6 options:

We should determine competency through clinical testing.

We should determine competency through a sliding-scale strategy

We should not presume to determine competency itself, but rather ascertain competency through a sliding scale strategy.

We should evaluate competency by speaking to the patient’s family members and friends, and apply the best interest standard.

Question 7 (1 point)

What is the scope of the principle of beneficence?Question 7 options:

I must act to help others insofar as my action is capable of providing help without causing serious harm to myself.

I must act to help others insofar as my action is capable of providing help.

I must act to help specific people with whom I have a specific relationship.

I must strive to act in such a way that benefits all human beings, regardless of my capacity to do so.

Question 8 (1 point)

What are the conditions under which I have the duty to rescue?Question 8 options:

I) Someone is at risk; II) I am able to help and the action is necessary; III) My help would be effective; IV) The action would not present significant risks, costs, or burdens to myself; V) The benefits for the other likely outweighs the burdens for me.

I) Someone is at risk; II) my action will likely prevent the harm; III) the benefit of intervention outweighs the risk for me; IV) there is no morally better alternative to the limitation of autonomy; V) the action is the least autonomy restrictive action that will prevent harm.

I) Someone is at risk; II) I am able to help and the action is necessary; III) the person requires information and understanding; IV) I am able to supply the relevant information and aid their understanding; V) The action requires no serious harm to myself.

I) Someone lacks autonomy; II) I am able to help and my action is necessary; III) The action will likely maximize their pleasures and minimize their pain; IV) The action requires no serious harm to myself.

Question 9 (1 point)

What’s the difference between hard and soft paternalism?Question 9 options:

Soft paternalism is intervention that exhibits due care, whereas hard paternalism is invention that prevents harm or provides benefit at the expense of exhibiting due care.

Soft paternalism involves intervention to prevent substantially non-autonomous action, whereas hard paternalism involves intervention to prevent harm or provide benefit despite the fact that the person’s action is autonomous or capable of being autonomous.

Soft Paternalism involves intervention to prevent child-like actions, whereas hard paternalism involves intervention to prevent harm or provide benefit despite the person’s substantially childish actions.

Soft paternalism involves intervention that positively respects the autonomy of the patient, whereas hard paternalism involves intervention that negatively respects the autonomy of the patient.

Question 10 (1 point)

What are the risks of soft paternalism?Question 10 options:

Soft paternalism can stigmatize conduct.

Soft paternalism can result in hard paternalism.

Neither (a) nor b).

Both (a) and (b).