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Week 7 Lab Assignment Name:________________________ Instructor Name: _______________ Please use this template to help answer the questions listed in the lab instructions. The “steps” below refer to the steps listed in the lab instructions. Type your answers and post your screenshots in the spaces given. Write a paragraph summarizing what you learned from the articles provided. Consider the use of confidence intervals in health sciences with these articles as inspiration and insights. Data Collection Use the data set you collected for the Week 5 lab (heights of 10 different people plus the 10 heights provided by your instructor). (NOTE: This is NOT the data used in the lab video, which is about midterm grades. Do not use the midterm grades data.) Provide a screenshot of your Week 5 Data (20 Heights) Summarize the Preliminary Calculations (Round to 2 decimal places): Sample Mean: ______ Standard Deviation: _______ Your Height: _________ Please answer the following questions in complete sentences: Discuss your method of collection for the values that you are using in your study (systematic, convenience, cluster, stratified, simple random). What are some faults with this type of data collection? What other types of data collection could you have used, and how might this have affected your study? Calculation of 95% Confidence Interval Give a point estimate (mean) for the average height of all people at the place where you work. What is your point estimate, and what does this mean? Find a 95% confidence interval for the true mean of heights. What is the interval? [Provide a Screenshot of your work from the t value Confidence Interval for µ from the Confidence Interval tab on the Week 6 Excel spreadsheet] Give a practical interpretation of the 95% confidence interval [Write a complete sentence]. Calculation of 99% Confidence Interval Now, change your confidence level to 99% for the same data. Find a 99% confidence interval for the true mean of heights. What is the interval? [Provide a Screenshot of your work from the t value Confidence Interval for µ from the Confidence Interval tab on the Week 6 Excel spreadsheet] Give a practical interpretation of the 99% confidence interval [Write a complete sentence]. Compare Margins of Error Would the margin of error be larger or smaller for the 99% CI? Explain your reasoning. As the confidence level increases, what happens to the Margin of Error? Save and Submit Be sure your name is on the Word document, save it, and then submit it. In the assignment module, click “start assignment” and then “upload file” and “submit assignment”. 4
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THE RESEARcH FILE IlluSTra TIOn: V ANNI LORI ggIO To draw conclusions about a study population, researchers use samples that they assume truly represent the population. The confidence interval (CI) is among the most reliable indicators of the soundness of their assumption. A CI is the range of values within which the population value being studied is believed to fall. CIs are reported in the results section of published research and are often calculated either for mean or proportion data (calculation details are beyond the scope of this article). A 95% CI, which is the most common level used (others are 90% and 99%), means that if researchers were to sample numerous times from the same population and calculate a range of estimates for these samples, 95% of the intervals within the lower and upper limits of this range will include the population value. To illustrate the 95% CI of a mean value, say that a sample of patients with hypertension has a mean blood pressure of 120 mmHg and that the 95% CI for this mean was calculated to range from 110 to 130 mmHg. This might be reported as: mean 120 mmHg, 95% CI 110-130 mmHg. It indicates that if other samples from the same population of patients were generated and intervals for the mean blood pressure of these samples were estimated, 95% of the intervals between the lower limit of 110 mmHg and the upper limit of 130 mmHg would include the true mean blood pressure of the population. Notice that the width of the CI range is a very important indicator of how reliably the sample value represents the population in question. If the CI is narrow, as it is in our example of 110-130 mmHg, then the upper and lower limits of the CI will be very close to the mean value of Confidence interval: The range of values, consistent with the data, that is believed to encompass the actual or “true” population value Source: Lang, T.A., & Secic, M. (2006). How to Report Statistics in Medicine. (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: American College of Physicians the sample. This sample mean value is probably a more reliable estimate of the true mean value of the population than a sample mean value with a wider CI of, for example, 110-210 mmHg. With such a wide CI, the population mean could be as high as 210 mmHg, which is far from the sample mean of 120 mmHg. In fact, a very wide CI in a study should be a red flag: it indicates that more data should have been collected before any serious conclusions were drawn about the population. Remember, the narrower the CI, the more likely it is that the sample value represents the population value. n MAHER M. EL-MASRI, RN, PhD, IS AN ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AND RESEARCH LEADERSHIP CHAIR IN THE FACULTY OF NURSINg, UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR, IN WINDSOR, ONT. Confidence intervals: Part 1 TERMInoL ogy 101 NurseONE resources on THIS TopIc EBSCO-MEDlInE full-text articles • Hildebrandt, M., Vervölgyi, E., & Bender, R. (2009). Calculation of NNTs in RCTs with time-to-event outcomes: A literature review. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 9, 21. • Hildebrandt, M., Bender, R., Gehrmann, U., & Blettner, M. (2006). Calculating confidence intervals for impact numbers. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 6, 32. • Altman, D. G. (1998). Confidence intervals for the number needed to treat. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 317(7168), 1309-1312. My ilibrary • Campbell, M. J., Machin, D., & Walters, S. J. (2010). Medical statistics: A textbook for the health sciences (4th ed). • Mateo, M. A., & Kirchhoff, K. T. (Eds.). (2009). Research for advanced practice nurses: From evidence to practice. • Webb, C., & Roe, B. (Eds.). (2007). Reviewing research evidence for nursing practice: Systematic reviews. 8 CANADIAN-NURSE.COM Copyright of Canadian Nurse is the property of Canadian Nurses Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
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J LU TERMINOLOGY 101 Confidence intervals: Part 2 MAHER M. EL-MASRI, RN, PhD, IS AN ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AND RESEARCH LEADERSHIP CHAIR IN THE FACULTY OF NURSING, UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR, IN WINDSOR, ONT. Confidence interval: The range of values, consistent with the data, that is believed to encompass the actual or “true” population value Source: Lang, T.A., & Secic, M. (2006). How to Report Statistics in Medicine. (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: American College of Physicians Part 1, which appeared in the February 2012 issue, introduced the concept of confidence intervals (CIs) for mean values. This article explains how to compare the CIs of two mean scores to draw a conclusion about whether or not they are statistically different. Two mean scores are said to be statistically different if their respective CIs do not overlap. Overlap of the CIs suggests that the scores may represent the same “true” population value; in other words, the true difference in the mean scores may be equivalent NurseONE resources ON THIS TOPIC EBSCO-MEDLINE FULL-TEXT ARTICLES • Hildebrandt, M., Vervölgyi, E., & Bender, R. (2009). Calculation of NNTs in RCTs with time-to-event outcomes: A literature review. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 9,21. • Hildebrandt, M., Bender, R., Gehrmann, U., & Blettner, M. (2006). Calculating confidence intervals for impact numbers. ß/MCMed/co/ Research Methodology, 6, 32. • Altman, D. G. (1998). Confidence intervals forthe number needed to treat. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 317(7168), 1309-1312. MYÎLIBRARY • Campbell, M. |., Machin, D., & Walters, S. I. (2010). Medical statistics: A textbook for the health sciences (4th ed). • Mateo, M. A., & Kirchhoff, K. T. (Eds.). (2009). Research for advanced practice nurses: From evidence to practice. • Webb, C, & Roe, B. (Eds.). (2007). Reviewing research evidence for nursing practice: Systematic reviews. to zero. Some researchers choose to provide the CI for the difference of two mean scores instead of providing a separate CI for each of the mean scores. In that case, the difference in the mean scores is said to be statistically significant if its CI does not include zero (e.g., if the lower limit is 10 and the upper limit is 30). If the CI includes zero (e.g., if the lower limit is -10 and the upper limit is 30), we conclude that the observed difference is not statistically significant. To illustrate this point, let’s say that we want to compare the mean blood pressure (BP) of exercising and sedentary patients. The mean BP is 120 mmHg (95% CI 110-130 mmHg) for the exercising group and 140 mmHg (95% CI 120-160 mmHg) for the non-exercising group. We notice that the mean BP values of the two groups differ by 20 mmHg, and we want to determine whether this difference is statistically significant. Notice that the range of values between 120 and 130 mmHg falls within the CIs for both groups (i.e., the CIs overlap). Thus, we conclude that the 20 mmHg difference between the mean BP values is not statistically significant. Now, say that the mean BP is 120 mmHg (95% CI 110-130 mmHg) for the exercising group and 140 mmHg (95% CI 136-144 mmHg) for the sedentary group. In this case, the two CIs do not overlap: none of the values within the first CI fall within the range of values of the second CI. Thus, we conclude that the mean BP difference of 20 mmHg is statistically significant. Remember, we can use either the CIs of two mean scores or the CI of their difference to draw conclusions about whether or not the observed difference between the scores is statistically significant. • 10 CANADL!N-NURSE.COM Copyright of Canadian Nurse is the property of Canadian Nurses Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.